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Review of Case Materials
Reviews records, documents, testimony, data, and other relevant materials and consults with counsel regarding technical issues related to the matter.
Provide Expert Analysis
Applies specialized knowledge and experience to evaluate the technical or professional issues involved.
Form Expert Opinions
Develops independent, supportable opinions based on the available evidence and relevant standards.
Prepare Expert Reports
Prepares clear, well-supported expert reports outlining methodology, analysis, findings, and opinions.
Provide Deposition Testimony
Explains findings and opinions under oath and responds to questioning during deposition testimony.
Testify in Court
Presents specialized findings and opinions clearly to judges, juries, arbitrators, or other decision-makers.
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The static coefficient of friction relates to resistance to the onset of sliding between contacting surfaces, while the dynamic or kinetic coefficient of friction relates to resistance while the surfaces are already sliding relative to one another. The value that is relevant depends on the physical interaction and the test method being used. Results obtained with different instruments, materials, procedures, or test conditions should not be assumed to be directly comparable.
Walkway friction or slip resistance can be evaluated using a tribometer or another test method appropriate to the surface and contact condition being studied. The significance of the result depends on factors such as the instrument, procedure, test-foot or footwear material, surface condition, contamination, test direction, location, and whether the measurement system has been validated for the intended use. ASTM F2508-23 provides a procedure for validating walkway tribometry using reference materials, but it does not establish a universal threshold that determines whether a walkway is safe or unsafe.
Yes. Water, oil, grease, debris, and other contaminants can change the frictional interaction between footwear and a walking surface. A useful analysis should determine whether the tested surface, contaminant, footwear or test-foot material, and other conditions reasonably represent those involved in the incident. ASTM F2913-24, for example, measures dynamic coefficient of friction between footwear and flooring under laboratory conditions and permits testing with contaminants including water, ice, oil, and grease.