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Review of Case Materials
Reviews records, documents, testimony, data, and other relevant materials and consults with counsel regarding technical issues related to the matter.
Provide Expert Analysis
Applies specialized knowledge and experience to evaluate the technical or professional issues involved.
Form Expert Opinions
Develops independent, supportable opinions based on the available evidence and relevant standards.
Prepare Expert Reports
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No. An observed association may be consistent with a causal relationship, but it can also be influenced by random error, selection bias, information bias, confounding, or other features of the study design and data. Causal interpretation considers the validity of individual studies and the broader body of evidence, including temporality, consistency, magnitude of association, exposure-response patterns when applicable, biological plausibility, and alternative explanations. Epidemiology primarily measures relationships in populations, so an epidemiologic association does not by itself establish what caused disease in one particular person.
Incidence describes new cases of a disease or condition arising in a population during a specified period. Prevalence describes the proportion or number of people who have the condition at a specified point in time or during a defined period and can therefore include both new and preexisting cases. Incidence is useful for studying the development of new disease, while prevalence describes the existing burden of disease in a population.
A comparison group provides the reference against which disease occurrence or exposure experience is analyzed. In a cohort study, investigators may compare disease occurrence between exposed and unexposed groups, while controls in a case-control study should appropriately represent the exposure experience of the population that produced the cases. If the comparison groups differ systematically in characteristics related to the exposure or outcome, the estimated association may be distorted by selection bias, confounding, or other sources of systematic error.
No. Statistical significance does not establish causation, measure the size or practical importance of an association, or eliminate bias and confounding. A small effect can be statistically significant in a very large study, while an important association in a smaller study may be estimated with substantial uncertainty. Interpretation should also consider the effect estimate, confidence interval or other measure of uncertainty, study design and validity, consistency with other evidence, and potential sources of systematic error.
Food Safety, +3
Food and Beverage
Pharmaceutical, +4
Pharmaceutical
Prepares clear, well-supported expert reports outlining methodology, analysis, findings, and opinions.
Provide Deposition Testimony
Explains findings and opinions under oath and responds to questioning during deposition testimony.
Testify in Court
Presents specialized findings and opinions clearly to judges, juries, arbitrators, or other decision-makers.
Not automatically. Whether findings from one study population can be applied to another involves external validity, generalizability, and applicability. Adults and children may differ in baseline disease risk, exposure patterns and doses, physiology, metabolism, developmental stage, susceptibility, and other factors that can affect an exposure-outcome relationship. Applying adult epidemiologic evidence to a pediatric population therefore requires consideration of how closely the populations, exposures, outcome definitions, biological factors, and study conditions correspond.
Causal Inference
Pharmaceutical, +4
Pharmaceutical
Toxicology, +4
Manufacturing
